Leonidas I
| Leonidas I of Sparta | |
|---|---|
 Statue of Leonidas I of Sparta. |
|
| Born | circa 540s BC Sparta |
| Died | August 11, 480 BC Thermopylae |
| Children | Pleistarchus |
| Parents | Anaxandridas II |
Leonidas (pronounced /liːˈɒnɨdəs/,[1] Greek: Λεωνίδας, Leōnidas, literally "leonine") was a king of Sparta, the 17th of the Agiad line, one of the sons of King Anaxandridas II of Sparta, who was believed in mythology to be a descendant of Heracles, possessing much of the latter's strength and bravery. While it has been established that King Leonidas of Sparta died at the Battle of Thermopylae in August, 480 BC, very little is known about the year of his birth, or for that matter, his formative years. Paul Cartledge has narrowed the date of the birth of King Leonidas to around 540 BC.
Leonidas was one of three brothers: he had an older brother Dorieus and a younger brother Cleombrotus, who ruled as regent for a while on Leonidas' death before the regency was taken over by Pausanias, who was Cleombrotus' son. Leonidas succeeded his half-brother Cleomenes I, probably in 489 or 488 BC, and was married to Cleomenes' daughter, Gorgo. His name was raised to heroic status as a result of the events in the Battle of Thermopylae.
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Thermopylae
Upon receiving a request from the confederated Greek forces to aid in defending Greece against the Persian invasion, Sparta consulted the Oracle at Delphi. The Oracle is said to have made the following prophecy in hexameter verse:[2]
- Hear your fate, O dwellers in Sparta of the wide spaces;
- Either your famed, great town must be sacked by Perseus' sons,
- Or, if that be not, the whole land of Lacedaemon
- Shall mourn the death of a king of the house of Heracles,
- For not the strength of lions or of bulls shall hold him,
- Strength against strength; for he has the power of Zeus,
- And will not be checked till one of these two he has consumed.
In August 480 BC, Leonidas set out to meet Xerxes' army at Thermopylae with a small force of 300, where he was joined by forces from other Greek city-states, who put themselves under his command to form an army between 4,000 and 7,000 strong. He chose only 300 Spartans because if he had taken the entire Spartan Army, he would need the permission of the Council, who he knew would not agree with him. He therefore chose a small number, saying that it was his own personal choice, not representing Sparta in any way. This force was assembled in an attempt to hold the pass of Thermopylae against a massive Persian army of between 80,000 and 290,000 men-at-arms who had invaded from the north of Greece under Xerxes I. Leonidas took only his personal bodyguards,[3] and not the army, because the majority of the Spartan Army was coordinating with the massed naval forces of the Greeks against the Persian Navy. This is contrary to the belief that the army could not be sent because of religious restrictions.
Xerxes waited four days to attack, hoping the Greeks would disperse. Finally, on the fifth day they attacked. Leonidas and his men repulsed the Persians' frontal attacks for the fifth and sixth days, killing roughly 20,000 of the enemy troops and losing about 2,500 of their own. The Persian elite unit known to the Greeks as "the Immortals" was held back, and two of Xerxes' brothers (Abrocomes and Hyperanthes) died in battle.[4] On the seventh day (August 11), a Malian Greek traitor named Ephialtes led the Persian general Hydarnes by a mountain track to the rear of the Greeks.[5] At that point Leonidas sent away all Greek troops and remained in the pass with his 300 Spartans, 900 Helots, and 700 Thespians who refused to leave. Another 400 Thebans were kept with Leonidas as hostages. The Thespians stayed entirely of their own will, declaring that they would not abandon Leonidas and his followers. Their leader was Demophilus, son of Diadromes, and as Herodotus writes: "Hence they lived with the Spartans and died with them."
One theory provided by Herodotus is that Leonidas sent away the remainder of his men because he cared about their safety. The King would have thought it wise to preserve those Greek troops for future battles against the Persians, but he knew that the Spartans could never abandon their post on the battlefield. The soldiers who stayed behind were to protect their escape against the Persian cavalry. Herodotus himself believed that Leonidas gave the order because he perceived the allies to be out of heart and unwilling to encounter the danger to which his own mind was made up. He therefore chose to dismiss all troops except the Thespians and Helots and save the glory for the Spartans.[6]
The small Greek force, attacked from both sides, were killed except for the Thebans, who surrendered. Leonidas was killed, but the Spartans retrieved his body and protected it until their final defeat. Herodotus says that Xerxes' orders were to have Leonidas' head cut off and put on a stake and his body crucified. This was considered sacrilegious.[7]
The tomb of Leonidas lies today in the northern part of the modern town of Sparta. Additionally, there is a modern monument at the site of the Battle of Thermopylae, called the "Leonidas Monument" in his honor. It features a bronze statue of Leonidas. A sign, under the statue, reads simply: "Μολών λαβέ" ("Come and get them!") which the Spartans said when the Persians asked them to put down their weapons. The hero cult of Leonidas survived at Sparta until the age of the Antonines [8].
Popular culture
- Portrayed by:
- Richard Egan in the 1962 epic The 300 Spartans
- Gerard Butler in the 2007 film 300, inspired by the graphic novel of the same name by Frank Miller and Lynn Varley. Tyler Neitzel portrayed Leonidas as a young man. Voice actors for foreign dubs include Tilo Schmitz (German) and George Nakata (Japanese).
- Scott Burn in the 2007 spoof United 300.
- Sean Maguire in the 2008 spoof Meet the Spartans.
- Leonidas was the name of an Epic poem written by Richard Glover, which originally appeared in 1737. It went on to appear in 4 other editions, being expanded from 9 books to 12.
- Leonidas appears as an NPC in the PC game Titan Quest.
- Leonidas also appears as an NPC in the video game Spartan: Total Warrior. In that game, he leads the playable character in battle against the Romans.
- Leonidas appears both as a warrior and a promo king of the south warrior in the card game Anachronism.
- Fedora 11, a distribution of Linux, is codenamed Leonidas after the Spartan king.
- Leonidas appeared in the video game Civilization IV as a Great General unit.
- Leonidas and the Battle of Thermopylae are fully described in Steven Pressfield's historical novel Gates of Fire. Published 1998
- Leonidas at Thermopyles: History from Ancient Texts by Prof. Marcy George-Kokkinaki (http://www.asxetos.gr/article.aspx?i=1608)
- "Leonidas" is a movement of the Delta Halo Suite from the game Halo 2.
- "Thermopylae Soon" is a movement of the Finale from the game Halo 2.
- "Leonidas Returns" is a movement of the Covenant suite from the game Halo 3
- Leonidas is a chain of Belgian chocolate stores, with a Spartan helmet as its logo.
- Leonidas became the subject of an Internet meme, with Gerard Butler's (see above) portrayal of him screaming "This is Sparta!" This spawned a series of parodies, in which Leonidas' face is superimposed on someone else's, accompanied with the latter phrase, or some altered version, sometimes accompanied with other lines from the movie.
- In the MMORPG Atlantica Online, Leonidas is the "Hero" (upgraded) version of the "Spartan" Mercenary.
- In the Bakugan video game, the player's character's partner bakugan is a dragon named Leonidas.
References
- ↑ The Columbia Encyclopedia, s.v. "Leonidas", http://www.bartleby.com/65/le/Leonidas.html (accessed May 9, 2009)
- ↑ Herodotus; George Rawlinson (Translator) (2005). "The Legend of Herodotus: Polymnia". Greek Texts. Greek-Texts.com & Greece Http Ltd.. pp. page 50. http://www.greektexts.com/library/Herodotus/Polymnia/eng/242.html. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
- ↑ Macgregor Morris, Ian (2003). Leonidas: Hero of Thermopylae. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 63. http://books.google.com/books?id=01HXrckm_2cC&pg=PA64&dq=Leonidas%2BIan+Macgregor+Morris&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=0_1#PPA63,M1.
- ↑ Herodotus; George Rawlinson, ed. (1885). The History of Herodotus. New York: D. Appleman and Company. pp. bk. 7. http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Herother.html.
- ↑ Herodotus; Henry Cary, ed. (1904). The Histories of Herodotus. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 438. http://books.google.com/books?id=QsIcxGrq6QAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=History+of+Herodotus&ei=oN3zSbC6BaDCzQT5soXLDQ#PPA438,M1.
- ↑ Herodotus VII,220
- ↑ Herodotus, The Histories of Herodotus, chapter 7, verse 238
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Part 12 By James Hastings Page 655 ISBN 0567094898
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "LEONIDAS". Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links
- Leonidas and the 300 Spartans with explanatary animations, videos and rare images from Sparta's Archaeological Museum
| Preceded by Cleomenes I |
Agiad King of Sparta 489–480 BC |
Succeeded by Pleistarchus |